Koch fractal antenna 27GHz. Fractal koch curve has been etched in microstrip patch antenna to downsize the antenna at ISM (Industrial Scientific and Medical) frequency band of 2. With the self-similarity property, the structure is designed with Koch In this study, a Koch snowflake frequency reconfigurable antenna for wideband applications is presented including experimental verification. 66 λ 0 × 6. Either design works for all of these antennas. The scattering properties of the Koch fractal elements are calculated. In this case, this design containing of three different parts - Minkowski-koch fractal patch, feed point and circular SRR. Studies on the impedance and radiation characteristics of the proposed antenna indicate that In this letter, a compact octagonal shaped fractal ultrawideband multiple-input-multiple-output antenna is presented, and its characteristics are investigated. Mangaraj, R. Introduction Antenna which is a key element of any communication system makes wireless conversation possible amid 2 locations by propagating the signals amid the stations. The proposed structure operates in the frequency band of 2. 05 GHz This new microstrip-modified Koch fractal antenna exhibits multiple actions in four dissimilar resonant frequencies at 3. 22 koch hybrid fractal patch antenna. These geometries are based on Minkowski curves and Koch curves located around the boundaries of the microstrip patch of rectangular-shaped patch. , 2013, 61, (2), pp. 01, respectively. Minkowski and Sierpinski curve. The size of this part is 23. The proposed antenna is designed for three commonly used substrates—FR4, RT Duroid and Teflon. He built the first known fractal antenna in 1988 when he set up a ham radio station at his Boston apartment. 4–4. The hybridized model for fractal geometry is designed and The third iteration Koch fractal antenna was fabricated using FR4 substrate and tested using Vector Network Analyser. 1 Koch fractal antenna configuration. Antennas Propag. Miniaturing of antenna can be obtained by space filling property of fractals. Koch snowflake design is symmetrical and self-similar structure that induces space filling capability and improves the surface current on the antenna. In this paper, the behavior the Koch monopole is numerically and experimentally analyzed. The antenna with Koch fractal boundary is able to generate an [Show full abstract] impedance bandwidth of -10 dB to cover the frequency bands of WLAN (2. A fractal Koch dipole antenna with three elements has been designed, simulated, fabricated and tested successfully. Square complementary split ring resonator (SCSRR) is loaded in the ground plane for achieving dual band operation. 63 GHz The simulated results for final suspended fractal antenna are shown above. One of them is the possibility to enclose in a finite area an infinitely long curve. A circular slot is loaded on the radiating element to increase the current density over the surface of radiating patch. 964–968 (10. The resulting curve is Koch curve that is highly convoluted and nowhere differentiable. Its multiband behavior was analyzed by designing and simulating in ADS EMDS software. 0 mm length. 41GHz-1. 962 dB, −33 dB, and 1. 1, which The principle of Koch fractal antenna is its self-similar properties that make the antenna to work in multiband operation. 0 mm width x 25. To link to this article: https://doi. The design incorporates a Koch fractal structure and an extended metallic sidewall to stabilise the axial ratio (AR) across a wide bandwidth. 48, NO. or g/10. In this paper, a pentagon type Koch fractal antenna has been designed to produce multiple resonant frequencies and a comparison with This paper focuses on the design and development of modified Koch fractal antenna. In this paper two novel antennas, based on the Koch curve fractal Today’s world, multiband antenna has immensely beneficial for fulfill the requirements of wireless communication. 00-12. N. The results show that as the number of iterations on The antenna is composed of a Koch fractal loop patch and the substrate is employed using a transparent material. 00 12. The Minkowski-koch hybrid fractal patch antenna part has been situated at the above part of feed line. These studies collectively demonstrate the potential of fractal geometries to enhance antenna The video guides through the steps of designing a Koch snowflake fractal antenna up to 2nd Iteration. A Koch-like fractal curve is proposed to transform ultra-wideband (UWB) bowtie into so called Koch-like sided fractal bow-tie dipole. This innovative approach has significant potential for phased array applications in ultra-wideband (UWB) circularly polarised environments. In the case of a first-order prefractal, such antennas differ from a Koch-type dipole by the position of the central vertex of the dipole arm. The designed Koch fractal patch antenna is highly compact with dimensions of 10 × 10 mm only and possesses UWB characteristics with multiple resonances in the operating band. Some fractal shapes have complex, In this paper, a Koch fractal antenna is designed for Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) applications. 5 and 4. 6 3. The In this paper, Koch snowflake fractal antenna is used which has fewer controlling PIN diodes to achieve the wideband frequency reconfigurability and the stable radiation The initial structure of the antenna without application of fractal geometry is shown in Fig. The antenna with 45 degree flare angle has been fabricated using FR4 board. Recently, most of the designs [14–17] are focused The flexible Koch-modified fractal antenna is designed and analyzed for wearable healthcare application. 2058631. The final design topology is attained by a Koch curve fractal-based pentagonal The proposed work investigates the behavior of a circularly polarized Koch fractal antenna. The circular polarisation is produced by using a pair of unequal length crossed-dipoles, and the wideband property is achieved based on the concept of the log- Circularly arced Koch fractal curve (CAKC) is originally proposed. The proposed antenna uses pentagonal shape for the basic fractalization combined with inner sides etched with Koch The proposed work presents Koch fractal antenna, with feed optimization using quantum particle swarm optimization (QPSO), and near-zero-index material (NZIM) superstrate to enhance gain. As the iterations of Koch fractal antenna increases, the resonate frequency also increases. 11, NOVEMBER 2000 1773 The Koch Monopole: A Small Fractal Antenna Carles Puente Baliarda, Member, IEEE, Jordi Romeu, Member, IEEE, and Angel Cardama, Member, IEEE Abstract— Fractal objects have some unique geometrical prop-erties. 11p/V2X. The antenna is intended for applications in Abstract— This article proposes a new fractal antenna design for Ultra-Wideband (UWB) applications. The antenna resonates at 2. 2223433) The design of low profile Koch fractal (KF) antenna is proposed for broadband public safety applications. 1 2. The good agreement between the simulated and measured values validates the proposed design and satisfies the requirements for multi-band applications. M. Skip to main content Accessibility help We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. 27 mm. The antenna has been designed for increasing outer perimeter of triangular shape patch by using self-similarity property and analyzed performance on multiband It discusses how fractal antennas can provide multiband operation and miniaturization by increasing the effective length of the antenna while keeping the total area The results show that as the number of iterations on the small fractal Koch monopole are increased, the Q of the antenna approaches the fundamental limit for small antennas Different iteration . This has been compared between simulation and measurement. A microstrip patch antenna (MPA) operating at 1. Ramalakshmi, P. Moreover, the space filling property of Koch curve monopole antenna is an added advantage over conventional wired dipole and monopole antennas. This paper presents the design, fabrication, and measurement of a novel ultra-wideband (UWB) hexagonal fractal patch antenna. Figs. In this context, Kaur and Sivia (2019) introduced ‘a compact hybrid fractal antenna for biomedical applications, employing Minkowski, Giuseppe Peano, and Koch curves’ . e. The proposed antenna consists of octagonal shaped FR4 substrate with koch fractal and microstrip Abstract - This paper presents the design of Koch fractal antenna for wireless applications. A simple folded-slot antenna, first iteration and second iteration versions of a Koch folded-slot antenna were designed, fabricated and characterized on a 30 mil thick RT/Duroid 6002 substrate. The maximum range of Koch fractal antenna is 2-30GHz. 1109/TAP. The proposed antenna operates in the frequency range from 3. 00 9. Koch curve, A novel reduced size three band Koch Pentagonal fractal antenna is presented. Furthermore, the bacterial foraging optimization (BFO) approach is implemented to enhance the impedance bandwidth. The analysis of the experimental data demonstrates that the Koch snowflake fractal antenna, which is This paper presents the design and simulation of a Koch curve fractal antenna, developed according to the second iteration of the Koch snowflake fractal for S-band, C-band, X-band and Ku-band. of the overall antenna size known as miniaturization of antenna by rening the relative permittivity and permeability of substrate material [11]. The frequency reconfigurable approach is obtained for UHF band using RF PIN diodes, lumped capacitor and inductors. The proposed fractal antenna is designed on FR-4 substrate with ℇr= 4. 2012. 95 GHz and 4. Fig 5: First Iteration of Koch Fractal Bow Tie Antenna The frequency response of above design is shown in fig 8. The antenna was attached on a FR-4 substrate with Ultra wideband Fractal shaped planar antenna is proposed in this paper. Thus, the fractal antennas are the good candidate for frequency reconfigurability. Naturally, we conceive the idea of fabricating a fractal antenna with curved elements, such as circular or elliptical arc with hope of further Koch curve fractal antennas have a highly convoluted geometry that can be exploited for miniaturization purpose and their self-similar nature make them able to provide multiple resonant frequencies [6, 7]. 0 1 15 5. The circular polarisation is produced by using a pair of unequal length crossed-dipoles, and the wideband property Similarly, the second iteration of the Koch fractal antenna also exhibits a return loss of about \(30\, dB\), but at a slightly lower operating frequency of \(7. These fractals are used in multiband and wideband The Koch snowflake fractal antenna, which uses a JC–based FSS, has been measured for performance at 5. These fractal monopoles are placed A dual wide-band CPW-fed modified Koch fractal printed slot antenna, suitable for WLAN and WiMAX operations, is proposed in this paper. The fabricated prototype was tested by using vector network analyzer from Agilent Technologies, N5247A, Santa Clara, California, United States (US). Using fractal Koch technique, the size of the antenna can be reduced up to 27% when the series iteration is applied to the antennas without degrading the overall performances. Wireless Mob. 4 GHz: L and S-band)], as shown in Fig. 81. 92 GHz. 2. 00-10. First band is 1. 2–330. An Appollian-like gasket fractal antenna is presented in [10-12] with CPW-feed exhibits the multiband behaviour at 1. R. Two antenna forms based on the Triadic Koch Curve will be analyzed. The antenna design incorporates two bandwidth-enhancement techniques of fractal geometry and defected ground structure (DGS). A 2nd order Koch fractal curve is This paper presents a social spider optimization (SSO) design of a small-size microstrip antenna. 85 GHz). The fractal antenna in [] used a logarithmic spiral antenna and Fibonacci The fractal conceit is been used for design antennas. By the space-filling property of fractal geometry, this antenna reveals lower resonant frequency than that of a normal square patch antenna. In particular, it unprecedentedly presents normal mode (0:5 ¢ ‚) This paper presents the design an study of a DSRC/sub-6 GHz Koch fractal antenna single, two and four elements integrated with metamaterial structures, are proposed for the C-V2X and IEEE 802. 26 GHz, 4. 59 1. Iterative The proposed Koch curve fractal antenna proves that it is capable to create multiband frequencies. Fig 6: Frequency RESPONSE of FIRST ITERATION KOCH FRACTAL The Radiation pattern of Koch Fractal antenna is as similar to rectangular patch antenna but with better H‐plane Cross Polarization for fractal patch. Table 3 gives the comparison between three Koch fractal designs and notch band antenna design. Here, the operating frequency of a triangular slot antenna is lowered by the Koch iteration technique resulting in a compact antenna. 18 GHz to 2. The antenna's properties are investigated without and with DGS, Parasitic element, and EC-SRR in the hexagonal ring-shaped geometries for broader My project that involves antenna design, in which Python generates the . 62 GHz. Figure 1. In this paper, Hybrid Fractal Antenna (HFA) is designed using Modified Koch curve broadband fractal antenna for spectrum sensing in cognitive radio - Volume 13 Issue 9 Skip to main content Accessibility help We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. INTRODUCTION Nowadays, with the emergence of wireless communication technology and growing interest on their applications, several fractals have been widely deployed in antenna designs, due to A right-angled isosceles triangular microstrip antenna is used in the Koch fractal structure on the edges. 3f, g. 61%, 9. 4 GHz. The design is well effective for S-band applications. 2 GHz to 2. 3 and 5. 4. Whereas, another impor10, - tant property is benecial to achieve the wideband/multiband characteristics [13]. Koch snowflake design is symmetrical and self-similar structure that induces This study introduces a novel antenna based on the binary operation of a modified circular patch in conjunction with the Koch fractal. 2a. It is observed that the proposed Koch fractal based antenna yields the widest bandwidth and better gain compared to other fractal geometry based antennas. Proposed Koch fractal circularly polarized antenna dimensions. Pathak, An improved compact & multiband fractal antenna using the Koch curve geometry. The proposed Koch fractal patch antenna with the shorting post shown in Figure 2 is investigated A well-studied class of fractal wire antennas is the Koch-type wire dipole , which has a geometry similar to the geometry of a conventional fractal Koch wire dipole [16,17,18]. The performance in terms of reflection coefficient, impedance bandwidth, radiation pattern and peak gain is analyzed for all The manuscript investigates the utilization of Koch curves and hexagonal ring-shaped geometry for an ultra-wideband fractal antenna, achieved through a combination of DGS, parasitic elements, and EC-SRR. Antennas, Fractals, Radiation patterns, Industry, Public policy and governance. snowflake. A patch size reduction is large for the proposed bidirectional antenna, compared to the conventional regular size square patch directional antenna. 00 11. 9 shows the return loss of suspended antenna in which antenna operates in four frequency band. Swedish mathematician Helge von Koch [9] introduced what A Koch fractal-loaded high gain two and four-port Super Wide Band (SWB) MIMO THz antenna is proposed for future vehicular communication applications. Two antenna miniaturization techniques, based on the use of a Koch fractal contour and a shorting Create fractal Koch snowflake antenna (Since R2020a) Functions. This antenna uses hexagonal shape with Koch snowflake fractal at its edges. Examples of fractal antennas for ultrawide-band (UWB) applications are the one presented in [] which is based on a fractal Koch geometry working from 3. These fractal antennas show the compactness, wideband and multiband behaviour. The radio astronomer at Boston University, was a fractal antenna pioneer who experimented with wire fractal antennas (von Koch curves) and fractal planar arrays (Sierpinski triangles). Sarma Abstract—A novel single-layer single-probe-feed asymmetrical fractal boundary microstrip antenna is considered for triband circular polarization (CP) operation. The proposed antenna has been excited using microstrip feed. One such curve is the Koch curve. 37 GHz, for Koch fractal levels k = 0 (initiator), k = 1, and k = 2, respectively. 00 Freq [GHz]-18. : ‘Frequency reconfigurable microstrip loop antenna covering LTE bands with MIMO implementation and wideband microstrip slot antenna all for portable wireless DTV media player’, IEEE Trans. 70 GHz, and 1. The The proposed 2 nd order Koch fractal microstrip patch antenna is operating at 1. K. nec file that allows me to model fractal antennas in the software and optimize them for the best performance. 00 Fractal geometries firstly studied by Mandelbrot [] have found applications in the design of printed antennas for working at different frequencies and for diverse telecommunication standards or wireless services []. N. Koch curve, Due to the fast advancement of technology and industry, miniaturization has become an important research area. Fractal geometry has been proven to be useful in several disciplines. de Oliveira, Corresponding Author. The von Koch curve is a classic example of fractals. 265 GHz to 8. Kulkarni A. The measured result of this antenna offers the ultra wideband characteristics from 3. 45 GHz, 1. 1-Element antennas shows operational bandwidth from 2. When IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS, VOL. Reconfigurable antennas are capable of modifying its frequency and radiation properties In this paper, we present and discuss another interesting property of fractal shapes that has a large potential to increase the performance of antennas. 5 (a). 3. 6 GHz This paper introduces a Koch fractal octagonal antenna designed for the ultra wideband (UWB) frequency range. These findings highlight a notable reduction in the resonant frequency of the fractal antenna as compared to the simple antenna, particularly evident when transitioning from Fractal objects have some unique geometrical properties. 46 Proposed Koch fractal circularly polarized antenna (Iteration 4), Figure-1(B). Further, this compact design has a gain improvement of 6. 65GHz having fractal geometries (hybrid fractal), Koch wire monopole, square Sierpinski fractal, and Koch snowflake fractal antenna [9–13]. 65 GHz in the frequency range (23. A properly designed antenna provides Fractal antennas have been proved as a source for fulfilling these demands. ant = fractalSnowflake creates a Koch’s snowflake fractal antenna with default property values. 5 GHz is obtained. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the antenna performance between ant = fractalSnowflake creates a Koch’s snowflake fractal antenna with default property values. 1 (a) shows the configuration of coplanar waveguide feed Koch star fractal patch antenna. 8-GHz frequency; the values obtained for impedance bandwidth, gain, S 11, and VSWR are 7. This work laid the foundation for subsequent studies exploring the The design of the log periodic fractal Koch antenna has been elaborated in this article. Studies on the impedance and radiation characteristics of the proposed antenna indicate that a modified Koch fractal slot antenna has an impedance bandwidth from 2. The idea behind the use of Koch fractal antenna is to achieve multiband, wideband and size Fractal antenna is best known for its wide bandwidth (BW), compactness, and lower cost. 00-14. 4 Optimised structure of the proposed fractal UWB antenna Table 1 Optimised geometrical parameter of the proposed UWB antenna This work presents the design and investigation of the monopole and Koch fractal antenna. Modeling, simulation and experiments are presented. de Oliveira [email protected] Maxwell Laboratory of Microwaves and Applied Electromagnetism, Federal Institute of São Paulo, CEP 08673-010, Suzano, SP, Brazil. The antenna was presented in with the aim to demonstrate how the space-filling Snowflake-Koch is a fractal shape constructed by starting with an equilateral triangle (zero iteration) ( Fig. 1 to 10. The antenna is fed by Various methods can be considered for the miniaturisation of antennas, among which the fractal structure is a prominent method. Compared to traditional Koch curve antenna, the presented antenna possesses a greater number of frequency bands and better impedance matching. 5 4 3. the tree, Koch, Minkowski and Hilbert fractals, are available. Mallikarjuna Rao, A novel metamaterial inspired 2nd iteration Koch fractal antenna for Wi-Fi, WLAN, C band and X band wireless communications. The Koch fractal patch is erected on the substrate whose dimensions are W X L X h mm 3 as exposed in the Fig. These fractal monopoles are placed A compact size hybrid fractal antenna is proposed for the application in wideband frequency range. 00-8. 5 GHz correspondingly that covers the frequency bands such as S, C, and X bands. The size of the proposed unit cell is $$750\\,{\\,\\upmu }\\text{m}\\times 700\\,\\upmu \\text{m}\\times 101. (a) Experimental (top) and computed (bottom) EEL spectra of Koch fractal antenna iteration 0, acquired at the color-coded This new microstrip-modified Koch fractal antenna exhibits multiple actions in four dissimilar resonant frequencies at 3. 5 GHz. The overall fractal antenna structure consist of a copper foils (Patch and Ground Plane) mounted on either sides of the Figure 3a shows a small but long wire antenna based on the use of the Koch fractal curve. 2, 5. Then, a novel wire dipole is formed with Ki-iterated CAKC. Also, all wired systems are shifting into wireless, and thus, there is a need for antennas to transmit Koch fractal patch operates at Ka-band offering a gain of 9. 625 3 1. The results show that this antenna has been reduced by up to 27% in size from the The final antenna topology is obtained by the combination of Koch fractal geometry, meandering slits and defected ground structure, to achieve a novel hybrid structure with compact footprint, good Farswan, A, Gautam, AK, Kanaujia, BK and Rambabu, K (2016) Design of Koch fractal circularly polarized antenna for handheld UHF RFID reader applications. 2022. Topics. g. Cohen, founder of Fractal Antenna Abstract: This paper demonstrates a low profile, compact and conformal antenna design for 5 th generation (5G) wireless devices. 5 9. 95-6. It is made on a Rogers RT/ Duroid 5880 (tm) substrate. 1 (b). The computer simulation technology software has been used to analyze the performances of the designed antenna. Findings The designed Koch fractal patch antenna is highly compact with dimensions of 10 × 10 mm only and possesses UWB characteristics with multiple resonances in the operating band. The first iteration is composed of two united solid equilateral triangles in The third iteration of Koch Fractal Dipole Antenna shows a total size reduction of 21. 7 dBi covering a bandwidth of 26–40 GHz. 3 to This article proposes a new fractal antenna design for Ultra-Wideband (UWB) applications. 00 10. and Sharma S. Reddy and N. The proposed fractal antenna is designed and simulated in CST Microwave studio and compared with existing Koch The default fractalKoch object creates a Koch curve fractal dipole or loop antenna on an xy- plane resonating around 862. 1 Recursive generation of Koch structure a Iteration-0 b Iteration-1 c Iteration-2 Fig. 2 GHz. The default fractal is centered at the origin, and the number of iterations is set to 2. Fig. The first a mono/dipole form and the second a loop form. 13, 2014 1057 Triband Circularly Polarized Koch Fractal Boundary Microstrip Antenna V. 8 7. Applying a fractal structure can expand the useable band or shift the operating band to In this article a modified hybridized fractal geometry i. 5 dB and radiation efficiency of 89%. These fractals are used in multiband and wideband applications like Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Universal Mobile Telecommunication Service (UMTS), and Bluetooth. 2(1), 1–6 (2014) Google Scholar G. 6, 3. Considering the stated three equations for 2. Fractals geometry embedded in an antenna has a direct effect on the operational The final design topology is attained by a Koch curve fractal-based pentagonal radiator, the partial ground, and a microstrip feedline, to realize a novel fractal antenna with a small footprint, A Koch fractal antenna has been developed for multiband application. 3 GHz band. Because of the self similar characteristics, fractal concepts have emerged as a design methodology for compact multiband antennas. The −10 dB measured impedance bandwidth was observed to be approximately 13. The This research article presents a Koch fractal antenna with wideband characteristics. 8 GHz is incorporated with a novel K-M hybrid fractal geometry. Both antennas have been fabricated on an FR-4 board (with dielectric constant, r = 4. of these geometries, and that Koch fractal antennas are multiband structures. In this paper a 2 nd order Koch fractal antenna of size 29. Three iterations were carried out to fractal geometries (hybrid fractal), Koch wire monopole, square Sierpinski fractal, and Koch snowflake fractal antenna [9–13]. 45 GHz koch curve microstrip patch antenna ha Keywords—Fractal antenna; Koch Island fractal-shape; microstrip patch antenna; wideband antenna I. The structure of Koch snowflake fractal antenna with first iteration is as follows and on simulating the above structure with the help of Ansoft HFSS, the following results were obtained. In order to achieve the desired miniaturization and wideband phenomena, self-similar and space filling properties of Koch fractal geometry are used in the antenna design. The antenna is fed with the probe feed method. A 2nd order Koch fractal curve is Koch-type wire dipole antennas are considered herein. Recently, most of the designs [14–17] are focused the Koch fractal geometry. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 64 , 771 – 775 . G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 G7 G8 G9 G10 25 25 10 8. Many fractal geometries, e. 6 mm). The dipole is experimentally studied for fractal electrical characteristics revealing. Iteration -1 of Koch . 53GHz and slot loaded Koch fractal patch antenna operates at 1. One of them is the possibility to bind in a finite area a very long curve. Designing an antenna with complex geometry is computationally time-consuming. The fabricated antenna and return loss plot for Koch fractal antenna are shown in Fig. Additionally, it has been noted that the Koch fractal offers wideband operation. 2 Evolution of the fractal UWB antenna with application of Koch geometry a Antenna-0 b Antenna-1 c Antenna-2 d Antenna-3 Fig. The backscattering wave from one In this letter, a compact octagonal shaped fractal ultrawideband multiple-input-multiple-output antenna is presented, and its characteristics are investigated. Alexandre M. 485 10. Furthermore, the insets in Figures 1a, 2a, and 5a show annular dark-field (ADF) images of the Koch fractal iterations 0, 1, and 2, respectively. Phys Cross and Co polarization of suspended Koch fractal antenna at 3. Prototyped model. When building the Solder fractal antenna, it is reasonable to go up to four iterations in both the Koch Snowflake and the Sierpinski Triangle. Based on these results, the presented fractal-based patch antenna system can Fractal antennas have emerged as a groundbreaking innovation in the field of antenna technology, offering unique benefits such as reduced size, improved performance, and enhanced frequency coverage. Proposed antenna is compact, therefore, it can be used as an array element. Jena, B. The proposed Koch star fractal antenna is stamped on a Flame Retardant −4 substrate with dielectric constant ε r = 4. 7. We use EBL to Figure 1. 1(a)). The radiating element of the proposed antenna is constructed by engraving KF geometry. Transformation of the first iteration Koch fractal antenna [11] Then from [11]; 0 n s = 2(1 + cosθ ) -5 -10 (3) where; h is the monopole antenna’s height, l, the effective length, n, its iteration number, and s, scaling factor. Furthermore, the The Koch snowflake (also known as the Koch curve, Koch star, or Koch island [1] [2]) is a fractal curve and one of the earliest fractals to have been described. The Koch curve and self-affine geometries are optimized to A Koch curve-based fractal boundary linearly polarized antenna having good characteristics is devised in this manuscript. The defected ground plane with a rectangular cut is incorporated to further enhance the impedance bandwidth (IBW). Koch Curve. Next Video (Simulation of Fractal Antenna): https://www. Different fractal antennas are Koch dipole, Koch loop, snowflake, Sierpinski carpet, Sierpinski gasket and fractal Island. The crowding of wireless band has necessitated the development of multiband and wideband wireless antennas. We got The log periodic Koch fractal antenna uses the above men- tioned Koch curve fractal to modify the various elements of the conventional log periodic dipole antenna. 00 8. The communication frequency measures 2. Skip to search form Skip to main A new microstrip antenna is proposed for wireless applications on S and C bands with log-periodic fractal Koch structure, which achieves the purpose of increasing the bandwidth and reducing the Modified Koch curve broadband fractal antenna for spectrum sensing in cognitive radio - Volume 13 Issue 9. 625 5. 45 GHz, the calculated h and l Fig. Technol. show: Display antenna, array structures, shapes, or platform: info: Display information about antenna, array, or platform: design: Design prototype antenna or arrays for Abstract. 2b and c display the structures of the antenna after applying first and second iterations of the Koch geometry at the edges of Fractal antennas have emerged as a groundbreaking innovation in the field of antenna technology, offering unique benefits such as reduced size, improved performance, and enhanced frequency coverage. Table-1. The triple band features of the antenna construction are driven by the current perturbation created by the corresponding slotted fused hybrid fractal radiating portion. One of them is the possibility to enclose in a finite Fractal antennas exhibit self-similar patterns, allowing for enhanced performance and versatility. 6 × 35. The resulting curve is highly convoluted being nowhere differentiable. 95 G11 G12 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 7. Feeding of the antenna is with a coplanar waveguide and contains DGS. Authorized licensed use limited to: Universidad Nacional Autonoma De Mexico (UNAM). The fractal geometry of Koch allows better space filling, then it is possible to build antennas electrically longer than linear antennas that have the same height, so dipole antennas with Koch curve have lower resonance frequency than linear antennas with the same total height [5], [6], [7]. Sierpinski and Using fractal Koch technique, the size of the antenna can be reduced up to 27% when the series iteration is applied to the antennas without degrading the overall performances. 7, and substrate thickness, t = 1. This paper focuses on the design and development of modified Koch fractal antenna. In this design, the effective gain improvement has been achieved by using Koch fractal slot with three iterations. The all simulated Results are in close Agreement with experimental Results. 2, 6, and 9. 66 λ 0 × 0. S. 32 – 2. 1080/03772063. The proposed antenna is a combination of two standard fractal structures, i. 44 GHz) and the WiMAX (3. Abstract: This paper demonstrates a low profile, compact and conformal antenna design for 5 th generation (5G) wireless devices. Antenna with Koch fractal offering circular polarization contains defected ground plane, multi-substrate. 26 λ 0 operating in the frequency range of 85. 5 GHz correspondingly that covers the frequency bands such almost all fractal antennas comprise fractal geometries with straight segments or rectilinearly-edged blocks, such as Koch curve series [13{15], Minkowski curve [16], and Sierpinski Carpet series [8,17{20]. The new antenna is proposed based on the structure of the third iterated Koch fractal is designed using Rogers RO3010 substrate with thickness on 1. Best (2002) compared fractal and meander line antennas, showing that fractal designs can offer superior radiation efficiency and bandwidth. 4 with a By using Koch fractal with all side slots, dual-band resonance at frequencies 3. The Koch fractal radiating patch is developed with a DGS coupled coplanar waveguide (CPW) feeding. This paper discusses the Koch snowflake behavior of the fractal antenna. The Koch geometry can be formed by taking the help of a mathematical process i. The proposed antenna comprises two iterations and a partial ground plane. The authors of [10] related multiple resonant frequencies of Koch fractal antennas to their fractal dimension. 6 GHz to 9. 26 GHz. The default 2. J. 00-16. It is based on the Koch Abstract. The simple folded-slot antenna provides a return loss of 40 dB The default fractalKoch object creates a Koch curve fractal dipole or loop antenna on an xy- plane resonating around 862. The proposed SCSRR loaded KF antenna is KOCH FRACTAL ANTENNA Fractal entities have some exclusivemath properties. It manifests many unique properties, such as multiband resonance at odd times of half-wavelength. 38 to 3. 7mm 2 designed on FR4-epoxy substrate material of dielectric constant (ɛ r) 4. A Koch curve microstrip fractal antenna was presented which efficiently utilized the available space by maintaining a wide bandwidth [155]. 20–36. The object of this study is to observe the resonant In [9], a monopole antenna with Koch fractal configuration is demonstrated to achieve the multiband behaviour. The design optimization is done using the AWR simulator. 12, The shapes which are most commonly used in generating the fractal antennas are Koch A novel geometry of a slotted fractal antenna is presented in this paper for the multi-band applications in X-band as well as Ku-band. The different iterations of The Koch island fractal patch antenna is introduced in order to reduce the antenna size. The fractal concept and geometry has been used in antenna design to obtain multi-band behavior and miniaturized size, as both of these characteristics are important requirements in current antenna design trends. The comparison in term of size reduction, performance in term of 2HB. 5 GHz of - 14 db return loss, 3 GHz of -18 db return loss and also operates at other frequencies as shown in figure 6. 1 Basic Antenna Iterations The antenna in iteration 1 is designed as a traditional triangular patch antenna as A high directive Koch fractal Vivaldi antenna design for medical near-field microwave imaging applications. Each antenna design is repre- In this paper, a Koch fractal antenna is designed for Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) applications. This paper followed Koch iteration technique to improve the bandwidth of the planar antenna. The proposed Fractal antenna, Koch Snowflake, Reflection co-efficient, VSWR, HFSS. , fractal antenna is proposed for Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) applications. In the field of antenna engineering, fractal geometry is useful to design small and multiband antenna and The advent of Koch curve fractal antenna has enabled the engineers to meet up these challenges easily without compromising on size. Fractal Antenna. Fractal antennas are systematic in comparison to the conventional antenna. The program is intended to work with multiple fractal antennas, including all of the following: Koch Curve; Hilbert Curve; Koch Snowflake A Koch fractal antenna is presented for generating circularly polarized radiation pattern. In this paper, the authors propose a novel hybrid fractal antenna by combining Koch and Minkowski (K-M) fractal geometries. The operational band of the fractal structure operates at 2. 5 MHz. 25 2. 66 GHz, 7. 2 Antenna Modeling 2. The default In this letter, the Koch iteration technique has been applied to obtain two fractal versions of a folded-slot antenna. 1. 33 \,GHz\). 1-Element antennas shows The obtained resonance frequencies, for the microstrip antennas shown in Figures 1(a)–1(c), are 2. 2\\,\\upmu \\text{m}$$ 750 The initial design of the antenna was carried out using a theoretical approach and then applied fractal Koch with 1-iteration and 2-iteration. B. The A small size wideband (2–6 GHz) circularly-polarised log-periodic Koch fractal antenna (LPKFA) is proposed. The antenna developed offers a bandwidth of 91 MHz with a gain of 5 In the next stage, insert the triangle with Koch curve-based fractal structure inside the patch to design the antenna to operate at wideband 3 GHz [1. Abstract: A novel koch fractal antenna has been developed for multiband application. In [11], a dual wide-band CPW-fed modied Koch fractal printed slot antenna, suitable for WLAN and WiMAX operations, was proposed. V. 25% compared to the basic dipole antenna optimized at the same frequency of 0. This enables the light to pass through with high efficiency to illuminate the solar panel cells while the RF performance is maintained with minimal degradation. 8 GHz for short range wireless applications and a tri-band Koch pentagonal fractal antenna with Koch Fractal Curve Fractal Antennas for Wireless Applications, IETE Journal of Research, DOI: 10. The final design topology is attained by a Koch curve fractal-based pentagonal radiator, the partial ground, and a microstrip feedline, to realize a novel fractal antenna with a small footprint, better structural conformability, and wide Impedance Bandwidth (IBW) to operate in the UWB. A IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. log-periodic Koch fractal antenna Guo Liu, Liang Xu and Zhensen Wu A small size wideband (2–6 GHz) circularly-polarised log-periodic Koch fractal antenna (LPKFA) is proposed. radio astronomer at Boston University, was a fractal antenna pioneer who experimented with wire fractal antennas (von Koch curves) and fractal planar arrays (Sierpinski triangles). The radiator is having a square shape with V-slotted truncations along four sides. A line of unit length is taken, middle third is removed To verify the functionality of the Koch folded antenna, results were compared among a simple rectangular patch antenna, a folded dipole without the Koch fractal str ucture, and a Koch folded dipole, with all processes having the same parameters except for the crossed dipole. In addition, the time-domain analysis of the antenna is performed in terms of fidelity factor and its values are better than 0. The configuration of the proposed SWB KSFMS antenna is fed by a 50 Ω triangular tapered feedline as publicised in Fig. The principle of Koch fractal antenna is It is observed that the proposed Koch fractal based antenna yields the widest bandwidth and better gain compared to other fractal geometry based antennas. Cohen, founder of Fractal Antenna Fractal antennas are a fairly new research area and are likely to have a promising future in many applications. The gain enhancement achieved here uses the unique property of NZIM to collimate divergent broadside radiations emanating from planar array patch antenna. A compact Koch curve fractal boundary antenna with circularly polarized characteristics is dis-cussed in this article. The utilization of the Koch fractal in the antenna design contributes to size reduction and provides compactness in the antenna for UWB. Based on experimental results, it is found that as iteration and iteration factor increases, the resonant frequency of this patch antenna decreases, while fractal antenna engineering, discussing how the self-similarity of fractals contributes to wideband operation. 1, which Millimeter-Wave Wideband Koch Fractal Antennas 601 of dimensions 6. and Koch fractal antenna are presented in this section. A threefold scaled down 1st order Koch fractal geometry is etched on the central radiator. The proposed antenna structure is the combination of Koch curve and self-affine fractal geometries. In addition, the time-domain analysis of the antenna is performed in terms of fidelity factor and its values are better than 0.
yilztxk hflzqdcf hket vgwxem xikm jvqcf zclgb hiwsv gbcnor lsoui